Enfermedad renal crónica de las comunidades agrícolas, una revisión de la literatura / Chronic Kidney Disease in Agricultural Communities, review of the literature

Resumen La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) se define como la alteración funcional o estructural progresiva de los riñones que persiste por 3 meses o más. Esta enfermedad afecta el 10 al 15 % de la población mundial, siendo la diabetes mellitus, la hipertensión arterial, las glomerulopatías primarias y las enfermedades genéticas las etiologías más frecuentemente asociadas. Sin embargo, en los países pobres se reportan otras enfermedades causantes de la ERC; entre ellas la nefropatía mesoamericana (NM). La NM se presenta principalmente en la población masculina joven, lo cual lleva a pérdida de la vida laboral productiva. En Colombia hay una alta prevalencia de ERC con etiología no estudiada (mal llamada desconocida) y hay pocas investigaciones de la ERC en las comunidades agrícolas. Teniendo en cuenta que la población campesina de Colombia se expone a noxas climáticas y laborales similares a Mesoamérica, es posible que esta nefropatía también sea una causa de ERC en nuestra población. El presente artículo hace una revisión de la ERC de las comunidades agrícolas, con el fin de sensibilizar el personal de salud en la importancia de la búsqueda de esta enfermedad en la población vulnerable, lo cual podría impactar de una forma positiva en la salud de los agricultores y campesinos.

Summary Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as an abnormality of the kidney structure or function for ≥ 3 months. This disease affects 10% to 15% of the world's population, with diabetes, arterial hypertension, primary glomerulopathies and genetic disorders being the most common etiologies associated with this disease worldwide. Nevertheless, in low-income countries, other diseases causing CKD are also reported; among them, Mesoamerican nephropathy, which is a common cause of CKD in Mesoamerica, especially in the young male population, leading to loss of productive working capacity. In Colombia, the prevalence of CKD with unknown etiology is high and there are few studies on chronic kidney disease in agricultural communities, given that the agricultural population in Colombia is exposed to harmful climatic and occupational agents similar to those in Mesoamerica, it is possible that this nephropathy is also a cause of CKD in our population. This article provides an overview of CKD in agricultural communities to sensitize health workers to the importance of screening for this disease in vulnerable populations, which could have a positive impact on the health of farmers.

Diagnóstico prenatal de anomalías nefrourológicas en el Centro de Referencia Perinatal Oriente, Santiago, Chile / Prenatal diagnosis of nefrourological anomalies at the Eastern Perinatal Referral Center, Santiago, Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las anomalías congénitas de los riñones y las vías urinarias (CAKUT, Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract) representan un 20-30% de las anomalías detectadas en el periodo prenatal. Si bien la mayoría son de buen pronóstico, un 25% se asocian a enfermedad renal crónica en la infancia y en los casos graves a mortalidad perinatal. OBJETIVO: Describir los casos ingresados al Centro de Referencia Perinatal Oriente (CERPO) y determinar los resultados perinatales y la sobrevida al año. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes ingresadas en la base de datos CERPO, entre los años 2003 y 2019, con diagnóstico de anomalía nefrourológica. Se incluyeron antecedentes prenatales, perinatales y de seguimiento posnatal al año. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 273 pacientes. La edad gestacional promedio de derivación fue de 29 semanas + 2 días. El diagnóstico más frecuente fueron las anomalías del tracto de salida (69%). Un 40% de los casos se asociaron a otras anomalías congénitas, siendo las cardiopatías las más frecuentes (19%). Aceptaron la realización de estudio genético invasivo 38 pacientes, de las cuales un 34% presentaron aneuploidías, siendo las trisomías 18 y 13 las más frecuentes (17% y 6%, respectivamente). Se instalaron cinco shunts derivativos vesicoamnióticos en fetos diagnosticados con megavejiga. La sobrevida global para la patología nefrourológica fue del 63% al año, y la mortalidad fetal y neonatal fue del 7% y el 16%, respectivamente. La sobrevida al año según el grupo de clasificación CAKUT fue del 22% para las anomalías de número de riñones, del 46% para las anomalías de tamaño y de morfología renal, del 60% para las anomalías de la posición renal y del 72% para las anomalías del tracto de salida. En este último grupo, la sobrevida alcanza el 81% al excluir los pacientes con diagnóstico prenatal de megavejiga, que presentaron una sobrevida al año del 28%. Los casos de patología nefrourológica asociada a oligohidramnios (índice de líquido amniótico < 5 cm) sin evidencias de uropatía obstructiva asociada presentaron una sobrevida al año del 3%. CONCLUSIONES: Las anomalías del sistema nefrourológico son un diagnóstico prenatal frecuente. La sobrevida al año fue del 63%, pero es necesario prolongar el seguimiento a largo plazo para determinar la evolución de la función renal en cada diagnóstico. La asociación de patología nefrourológica y oligohidramnios conlleva una sobrevida menor.

INTRODUCTION: Congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT) represent 20 to 30% of the anomalies detected prenatally. Although most are of good prognosis, 25% are associated with chronic kidney disease in childhood and severe cases with perinatal mortality. OBJECTIVE: To describe the cases studied in the Eastern Perinatal Referral Center (CERPO) and to determine the perinatal outcome and survival at one year. METHOD: Descriptive and retrospective study. Patients registered on the CERPO database, between 2003 to 2019, with diagnosis of nephrourological anomaly were included. Antenatal, perinatal and postnatal follow-up information was collected. RESULTS: 273 patients were evaluated. The average gestational age at referral was 29 + 2 weeks. The main diagnosis was urinary tract outlet disorders (69%). Thirty nine percent of the cases were associated with other congenital anomalies, with heart disease being the most frequent (19%). Thirty-eight patients accepted an invasive procedure for genetic study, 34% presented aneuploidy, trisomy 18 and 13 were the most frequent (17% and 6% respectively). Five vesico-amniotic derivative shunts were installed in fetuses diagnosed with megabladder. Overall survival at one year was 63% and fetal and neonatal mortality were 7% and 16% respectively. One-year survival per group according to CAKUT classification was 22% in kidney number abnormalities, 46% in kidney size and morphology abnormalities, 60% in renal position abnormalities and 72% in outflow tract abnormalities. In the latter, survival reaches 81% excluding the patients with prenatal diagnosis of megabladder who had a one-year survival of 28%. The cases of nephrourological pathology associated with oligohydramnios (amniotic fluid index < 5 cm) without evidence of associated obstructive uropathy presented a survival of 3% at one year. CONCLUSIONS: The anomalies of the nephrourological system correspond to a frequent prenatal diagnosis. Overall, the one-year survival was 63%; however, follow-up must continue to determine the evolution of renal function in relation to each diagnosis.

Percepção sobre aspectos da doença e de seu tratamento em pacientes portadores de glaucoma / Perception about aspects of the disease and its treatment in patients with glaucoma

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar por meio de questionários estruturados, o conhecimento sobre a doença, o manejo de colírios e a adesão ao tratamento de portadores de glaucoma pertencentes a dois públicos com nível de escolaridade e nível sócio econômico distintos. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal analítico aplicando-se questionários estruturados, com base em estudo exploratório para avaliação do nível de conhecimento dos portadores de Glaucoma em relação a doença em dois públicos diferentes: sistema único de saúde (SUS) e planos privados de saúde. Os questionários foram aplicados por médicos residentes em Oftalmologia. A amostra é composta de 202 pacientes dentre eles 100 atendidos pelo SUS e os outros 102 pacientes dos planos privados de saúde. Todos os questionários possuem termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido assinado pelo participante e pelo pesquisador responsável. Resultados: Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, compostos por: 100 pacientes SUS e 102 planos de saúde privado. Os resultados revelaram que: 58,6% dos pacientes do SUS tinham escolaridade nenhuma a fundamental incompleto e 25,5% dos pacientes de convênio tinham algum nível superior); 49% do grupo SUS tinham renda com menos de 2 salários mínimos enquanto que grupo convênio apresentou 39,4% com mais de 4 salários mínimos (p<0,001); 51,5% do grupo SUS não tem gastos com compra de colírios e 67,4% do grupo convênio gasta mais de R$30,00 (p<0,001) portanto 77% do grupo SUS recebe ajuda e 52,5% do grupo convenio não recebe ajuda (p<0,001); 63,6% do grupo convenio acredita que a quantidade de instilações a mais do colírios não obtêm uma melhora do glaucoma, enquanto aproximadamente 50% do grupo SUS relata que há uma melhora com aumento das instilações ou não tem ideia (p=0,030); Ambos os grupos obtiveram um nível de conhecimento geral da doença semelhante, sem diferença estatística. Conclusão: Concluímos que, independente do nível de escolaridade e nível socioeconômico, havendo boa relação médico-paciente, além de acompanhamento orientado e próximo, é possível transmitir conhecimento adequado sobre a doença elevando o nível de adesão ao tratamento pelo paciente.

ABSTRACT Objective: Compare, through structured questionnaires, the knowledge about disease, management of eye drops and adherence to treatment of glaucoma patients disposed in two groups according to educational levels and socioeconomic levels. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out applying structured questionnaires based on an exploratory study to assess the level of Glaucoma patients' knowledge relationated with the disease in two different audiences: the single health system (SUS) and private health plans. The questionnaires were used by doctors residents in Ophthalmology. A sample was composed of 202 patients among which 100 were attended by SUS and the others 102 patients were holders of private health plans. All questionnaires have a free and informed consent form signed by the participant and the responsible researcher. Results: Patients were divided into two groups, consisting of: 100 SUS patients and 102 private health plans. The results revealed that: 58.6% of SUS patients had incomplete elementary schooling and 25.5% of private health insurance patients had some level of higher education; 49% of the SUS group had an income with less than 2 minimum wages while the health insurance group presented 39.4% with more than 4 minimum wages (p <0.001); 51.5% of the SUS group has no spending on eye drops and 67.4% of the health insurance group spends more than R $ 30.00 (p <0.001) so, 77% of the SUS group receives financial aid and 52.5% of the health insurance group does not receive any financial support (p <0.001); 63.6% of the health insurance group believes that the bigger amount of instillations than eyedrops does not improve glaucoma, while approximately 50% of the SUS group reports that there is an improvement when increasing instillations or has no idea (p = 0.030); Both groups obtained a similar level of general knowledge of the disease, with no statistical difference. Conclusion: We conclude that regardless of educational and socioeconomic level if prevails a good doctor-patient relationship, in addition to close monitoring, it is possible to transmit adequate knowledge about the disease, increasing levels of treatment adherence.

Disección coronaria espontánea en paciente trasplantada de corazón / Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a heart transplant patient: report of one case

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is an uncommon cause of acute coronary syndrome that predominantly affects women without cardiovascular risk factors. In transplant patients, spontaneous coronary artery dissection is an extremely rare condition, having been described in only three patients, in whom vascular damage secondary to the use of anticalcineurinics is postulated as a probable mechanism. We report a spontaneous coronary dissection in a female who received a heart transplant at 34 years of age. The diagnosis was made in a follow-up coronary angiography three years after transplantation, supplemented with optical coherence tomography. A percutaneous coronary revascularization of the involved artery was performed, with good immediate results and at one year of follow-up.

Triaje telefónico en el marco de la estrategia de salud durante la pandemia COVID-19 / Telephone Triaje within the Framework of the Health Strategy during the COVID-19 Pandemic

RESUMEN. INTRODUCCIÓN: En el marco de la pandemia de la enfermedad por el coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19, por su sigla en inglés), y frente a la necesidad de ordenar la demanda de atención en el municipio de Bahía Blanca, Argentina, se implementó un dispositivo basado en tecnologías de la información y comunicación. Se introdujo un sistema de triaje telefónico dirigido a personas con síntomas compatibles con COVID-19, en el que se brindaba información y asesoramiento. El objetivo de este artículo es describir este servicio de aplicación no compleja y reproducible. MÉTODOS: Los operadores recibieron capacitación para atender las consultas telefónicas realizadas al número 147, completar una base de datos con software propio y llevar a cabo un triaje, con asistencia de un profesional de salud. Los usuarios (ciudadanos con cobertura de salud pública o privada) fueron clasificados según las definiciones de caso y gravedad, y se consignó la conducta posterior. RESULTADOS: Se recibieron 2811 llamados entre el 1 de julio y el 20 de octubre de 2020; 81,6% eran de código verde, 9% de código amarillo y 1,3% de código rojo. Se diagnosticó y se indicó aislamiento a 605 personas por vía telefónica, sin necesidad de acudir al sistema de salud. Este grupo estaba formado por el 17,3% del total de los casos positivos de Bahía Blanca, el 9% de los casos confirmados por laboratorio y el 38% de quienes fueron diagnosticados por criterios clínicos y epidemiológicos. DISCUSIÓN: El triaje telefónico es un dispositivo versátil y asequible que contribuyó al buen funcionamiento de los efectores de salud en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19.

Nível insuficiente de atividade física se associa a menor qualidade de vida e ao estudo noturno em universitários do Distrito Federal / Insufficient level of physical activity is associated with reduced quality of life and night-time studying in Brazilian undergraduate students / Nivel insuficiente de actividad física está asociado a menor calidad de vida y al estudio nocturno en universitarios del Distrito Federal

Resumo A prática de atividade física (AF) é essencial à saúde e à qualidade de vida (QV). Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de atividade física (NAF), a QV, fatores antropométricos e socioeconômicos em universitários do Distrito Federal. Métodos: Foram avaliados aleatoriamente 392 voluntários (43,6% homens). Empregaram-se os questionários IPAQ, WHOQOL e de tempo sentado (TS). Foram avaliados preditores do NAF com o emprego de regressão logística, assim como da QV estratificada por sexo, turno, NAF e renda. Resultados: Dos pesquisados, 51,4% eram insuficientemente ativos (IA) e mostraram menor QV do que os ativos (AT), nos domínicos físico (DOMF) e psicológico (DOMPS) (p < 0,05). Não houve associação do NAF com gênero, idade, estado civil, tabagismo e renda (p > 0,05). Menor NAF associou-se com maior TS e com aulas no turno noturno. A proporção de universitários IA foi elevada e se mostrou associada com menor QV no DOMF e DOMPS, elevado TS e com estudo noturno.

Abstract Physical activity (PA) practice is an essential issue for health and quality of life (QOL). Objective: We analyzed the level of physical activity (LPA) and QOL in association with anthropometric and socioeconomics factors among undergraduate students from the Distrito Federal - Brazil. Methods: We randomly evaluated 392 volunteers (43.6% men). We employed the IPAQ + reported siting time (ST), and WHOQOL questionnaires. Logistic regression was used to evaluate LPA predictors. QOL was compared between sex, class period (day vs night), LPA and income. Results: Two hundred and one volunteers (51.4%) were insufficiently active (IA) and showed lower QOL than the active (AT) ones on physical (PHD) and psychological (PSD) domains (p< 0.05). Lower LPA was associated with greater ST and with the night shift study. We found a high proportion of IA students that was associated with lower QOL on PHD and PSD, higher ST and nightshift study.

Resumen La práctica de actividad física (AF) es esencial para la salud y la calidad de vida (CV). Objetivo: Analizamos el nivel de la actividad física (NAF) y CV asociados con factores antropométricos y socio-económicos entre universitarios del Distrito Federal - Brasil. Metodología: Evaluamos 392 voluntarios aleatorios (43,6% hombres). Aplicamos los cuestionarios IPAQ + tiempo sentado (TS) informado y WHOQOL. Se utilizó una regresión logística para evaluar los predictores de NAF. CV fue comparado por sexo, turno de cursada (día vs noche), NAF e ingresos. Resultados: Doscientos un voluntarios (51,4%) eran insuficientemente activos (IA) y mostraron menor CV que los activos (AT) en los dominios físicos (DOMF) y psicológicos (DOMPS) (p˂0,05). Menor NAF se asoció con mayor TS y con clases en turno noche. Encontramos una alta proporción de universitarios IA asociada con menor CV en DOMF y DOMPS, alto TS y con estudio nocturno.

Retinal dystrophies and variants in PRPH2 / Distrofias retinianas e variantes em PRPH2

ABSTRACT - This report presents three patients diagnosed with macular dystrophies with variants in PRPH2. Peripherin-2, the protein of this gene, is important in the morphogenesis and stabilization of the photoreceptor outer segment. Peripherin-2 deficiencies cause cellular apoptosis. Moreover, pathogenic variants in PRPH2 are associated with various diseases, such as pattern, butterfly-shaped pattern, central areolar, adult-onset vitelliform macular, and cone-rod dystrophies as well as retinitis pigmentosa, retinitis punctata albescens, Leber congenital amaurosis, fundus flavimaculatus, and Stargardt disease.

RESUMO - Este relato apresenta três pacientes com diagnóstico de distrofias maculares com mutações no PRPH2. Periferina 2, a proteína deste gene, é importante na morfogênese e estabilização do segmento externo dos fotorreceptores. Deficiências de periferina 2 causam apoptose celular. Além disso, variantes patogênicas no PRPH2 estão relacionadas a diferentes doenças, como distrofia padrão, distrofia padrão em asa de borboleta, distrofia central areolar, distrofia viteliforme do adulto, retinose pigmentar, distrofia de cones e bastonetes, retinite punctata albscens, amaurose congênita de Leber, fundus flavimaculatus e doença de Stargardt.

Dabigatran and warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter in outpatient clinic practice in Brazil / Dabigatrana e varfarina em pacientes com fibrilação atrial não valvar ou flutter em ambulatório especializado no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objectives: To compare warfarin and dabigatran for thromboembolic event prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort of participants with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter using either warfarin or dabigatran in a reference center in Brazil. Results: There were 112 patients (mean age 65.5 years), with 55.3% using warfarin. The median duration of follow-up was 1.9 years for warfarin and 1.6 years for dabigatran (p = 0.167). Warfarin patients had a higher median of medical appointments per year (8.3 [6.8-10.4] vs 3.1 [2.3-4.2], p < 0.001) and the frequency of minor bleeding was more than four times higher (17.7% vs 4.0%, p = 0.035). Among patients with prior stroke, those using warfarin had 2.6 times more medical appointments for person-years of follow-up (8.5 vs 3.3). There was no major bleeding or embolic event during follow-up period. Conclusion: The dabigatran group had a lower frequency of minor bleeding and number of medical appointments than the warfarin group, without more embolic events or major bleeding.

RESUMO Objetivos: Comparar varfarina e dabigatrana para prevenção de eventos tromboembólicos em pacientes com fibrilação atrial não valvar ou flutter (FA). Métodos: Coorte retrospectiva de pacientes com FA em uso de varfarina ou dabigatrana em serviço especializado no Brasil. Resultados: Foram avaliados 112 pacientes (média idade 65,5), com 55,3% no grupo varfarina. A mediana do tempo de seguimento foi de 1,9 anos para o grupo varfarina e 1,6 para dabigatrana (p = 0,167). No grupo varfarina houve maior mediana de consultas médicas (CM) por ano (8,3[6,8-10,4] vs. 3,1[2,3-4,2], p < 0,001), com frequência de sangramento menor quatro vezes maior (17,7% vs. 4,0%, p = 0,035). Nos pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico prévio, o grupo varfarina teve 2,6 vezes mais CM por pessoas-ano de seguimento (8,5 vs. 3,3). Não houve sangramento maior ou eventos embólicos no período de seguimento. Conclusão: Pacientes em uso de dabigatrana tiveram menor número de sangramento menor e CM que aqueles em uso de varfarina, sem aumentar eventos embólicos ou sangramentos maiores.

Anticoagulation in patients with cardiac manifestations of Chagas disease and cardioembolic ischemic stroke / Anticoagulação nas manifestações cardíacas da doença de Chagas e acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico cardioembólico

ABSTRACT Objectives To describe anticoagulation characteristics in patients with cardiac complications from Chagas disease and compare participants with and without cardioembolic ischemic stroke (CIS). Methods A retrospective cohort of patients with Chagas disease, using anticoagulation, conducted from January 2011 to December 2014. Results Forty-two patients with Chagas disease who were using anticoagulation were studied (age 62.9±12.4 years), 59.5% female and 47.6% with previous CIS, 78.6% with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and 69.7% with dilated cardiomyopathy. Warfarin was used in 78.6% of patients and dabigatran (at different times) in 38%. In the warfarin group, those with CIS had more medical appointments per person-years of follow-up (11.7 vs 7.9), a higher proportion of international normalized ratios within the therapeutic range (57% vs 42% medical appointments, p = 0.025) and an eight times higher frequency of minor bleeding (0.64 vs 0.07 medical appointments). Conclusion Patients with Chagas disease and previous CIS had better control of INR with a higher frequency of minor bleeding.

RESUMO Objetivos descrever as características da anticoagulação em pacientes com manifestações cardíacas da doença de Chagas (MCDC) e comparar os participantes com sem acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico cardioembólico (AVCIC). Resultados 42 pacientes com MCDC em anticoagulação foram estudados (62,9 ± 12,4 anos), 59,5% do sexo feminino e 47,6% com AVCIC prévio, 78,6% portadores de fibrilação atrial não valvar e 69,7% com cardiomiopatia dilatada. Varfarina foi utilizada em 78,6% dos pacientes e dabigatrana em 38% (em momentos diferentes). No grupo da varfarina, aqueles com AVCIC tiveram mais consultas médicas por pessoas-ano de seguimento (11,7 vs 7,9), maior taxa de RNI na faixa terapêutica (57% vs 42% consultas médicas, p = 0,025) e uma frequência oito vezes maior de sangramento menor (0,64 vs. 0,07 consultas médicas). Conclusão pacientes com MCDC e AVCIC prévio têm melhor controle de RNI com maior frequência de sangramento menor.

Evaluación de parámetros seminales de jóvenes universitarios de la ciudad de Lima ­ Perú / Evaluation of Semen Quality in Young University Students from Lima ­ Perú Martin Daniel Arbaiza Barnechea

A nivel mundial se está dando un fenómeno que cada vez es más común, la infertilidad.1­3 En el trascurso de los años la postergación del embarazo, ya sea por factores socioeconómicos, cambios en la conducta reproductiva, mayor expectativa de vida, desarrollo laboral, profesional, anticonceptivos y el mejoramiento de las técnicas de reproducción asistida, han desencadenado un aumento progresivo en la edad en la que mujeres y hombres logran el primer embarazo

Fisiopatología de la hipertensión arterial secundaria a obesidad / Pathophysiology of hypertension secondary to obesity

Resumen: La obesidad es un problema de gran morbimortalidad a nivel mundial. Hoy en día, ha sido constituido como un factor de riesgo cardiovascular, que predispone frecuentemente al desarrollo de múltiples dolencias que deterioran la calidad de vida, tales como hipertensión arterial, dislipidemia y diabetes, que se relacionan con algunos de los criterios que se deben tener en cuenta en el diagnóstico del síndrome metabólico. Durante esta revisión, se busca explicar la relación entre la obesidad, el síndrome metabólico y el desarrollo de hipertensión arterial a partir de conceptos neurohumorales, bioquímicos y mecánicos.

Abstract: The obesity is a problem with a high morbidity and mortality all over the world. It has now been designated as a cardiovascular risk factor. It often predisposes the development of many diseases that reduce quality of life, such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and diabetes. These diseases are associated with some of the criteria that should be considered in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. During this review, explanations will be presented on the relationship between obesity, metabolic syndrome, and the development of hypertension from neurohumoral, biochemical and mechanical concepts.

Prevalência de ametropias e anisometropias em crianças no ensino fundamental nas escolas de 14 municípios do Estado de Alagoas / Prevalence of ametropias and anisometropias in elementary school children in schools from 14 cities in the State of Alagoas

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a Prevalência de ametropias e anisometropias em crianças no ensino fundamental nas escolas de 14 municípios do estado de Alagoas. Métodos: Realizado um Estudo retrospectivo com dados de 40.873 alunos na faixa etária de 7 a 15 anos. Os pacientes com qualquer erro refrativo foram considerados ametropes e erros maiores que - 0,75D ou + 2,00D esféricos ou maiores que -0,75D cilíndricos com queixas visuais significativas tiveram óculos prescritos e anisometropia considerada com a diferença maior de duas dioptrias. Resultados: Encontrado prevalência, 5,2% de ametropias. Astigmatismo miópico composto (28,99%), seguido de astigmatismo hipermetrópico composto (20,39%). E anisometropia, de 10.38%. Conclusão: Conhecer a prevalência infanto-juvenil de ametropias e anisometropia na população é fundamental para a adoção de estratégias para diagnóstico e tratamento correto de causas evitáveis de baixa visão.

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate a prevalence of ametropias and anisometropias in elementar school children from 14 cities in the state of Alagoas. Methods: A retrospective study, total of 40.873 students, between 7 and 15 years of age, were examined. Patients presenting any refractive error were considered ametropic. Only patients claiming eye complaints with spherical errors greater than -0.75D or +2.00D and cylinder error greater than -0.75D were prescribed eyeglasses. Anisometropia was considered when the refractive difference between the two eyes was of 2 diopters or more. Results: 5.2% presented ametropia. Compound myopic astigmatism (28.99%) and compound hyperopic astigmatism (20.39%). And anisometropias was 10.38%. Conclusions: Understanding the prevalence of ametropias and anisometropias among children is essential to implement strategies for the correct diagnosis and treatment of avoidable visual impairment causes.

Factors associated with pain in individuals infected by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)

Abstract Introduction Despite the high prevalence of chronic pain in individuals infected with HTLV-1, predictive and protective factors for its development are still unclear. Objective To identify factors associated with chronic pain in individuals with HTLV-1. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in a reference center for treatment of patients infected with HTLV-1 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The study included individuals infected with HTLV-1, over 18 years, and excluded those with difficulty to respond the pain protocol. Data on sociodemographic, health behavior, and clinical characteristics were collected in a standardized way. The prevalence ratio (PR) of pain is described, as well as the factors independently associated with the presence of pain, which were assessed by multiple logistic regression. Results A total of 142 individuals were included in the study, mostly female (62.7%), aged 20–64 years (73.2%), married (61.3%), with less than eight years of education (54.2%), and with a steady income (79.6%). Multivariate analysis showed that being symptomatic for HTLV-1 – sensory manifestations, erectile dysfunction, overactive bladder, and/or HAM/TSP (PR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.38), self-medication (PR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.08–1.53), physiotherapy (PR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.02–1.28), and depression (PR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01–1.29) were associated with an increased likelihood of presenting pain. On the other hand, physical activity (PR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.67–0.93) and religious practice (PR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.72–0.95) were associated with a decreased likelihood of having pain. Conclusion The use of self-medication, physiotherapy and the presence of depression are independently associated with neurological symptoms in HTLV-1 infected patients. Religious practice and physical activity are both protective for the development of pain.

Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina / Community-Acquired Pneumonia Due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Los casos de infecciones causadas por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina han aumentado durante la última década. Dentro de ellas, la neumonía necrotizante (NN) adquirida en la comunidad se ha encontrado en pacientes jóvenes, sanos y sin factores de riesgo, lo que ha generado cuadros de evolución rápida y potencialmente mortales. En este artículo se discuten factores epidemiológicos, fisiopatológicos, de diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico de la NN por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina adquirida en la comunidad.

The cases oí iníections caused by methicillirvresistant Stapkylococcus aureus have íncreased over the last decade, within them necrotizmg community'acquired pneumonía has been íound in healthy, young and with no risk factors patients, developing dínícal symptoms rapidly evolving and threatening. This artide discussed epidemiológica!, pathophysiological, diagnostic, treatment, and prognosis oí necrotizing pneumonía by Staphyiococcus aureus methicillin resistant communitV' acquired.

A perspective on current research investigating the effects of hormonal contraceptives on determinants of female athlete performance

Abstract Hormonal contraceptives are used by approximately half of female athletes and may affect athletic performance as a result of their action on the endogenous hormonal milieu. In athletes, hormonal contraceptive use appears to have little effect on body composition, however further studies are needed assessing progestin-only contraceptives as they may have a negative effect in the general population. The type of progestin contained within the contraceptive may influence the anabolic response of muscle to loading although this relationship is complex as it may be due to either direct or indirect effects of exogenous hormones on protein synthesis and satellite cell proliferation. The altered hormonal milieu in hormonal contraceptive users has predominately been shown to have no effect on muscle strength and whilst maximal oxygen uptake is sometimes reduced, this does not translate into measures of performance. The majority of previous research has used cross-sectional designs and/or grouped together different types and brands of hormonal contraceptives and little research has been conducted on progestin-only contraceptives in athletes. Future research should use prospective, randomised-controlled designs to assess the effects of all types of hormonal contraceptives on athletic performance in females.(AU)

Resumo Os métodos contraceptivos hormonais são usados por aproximadamente metade das atletas do sexo feminino e podem afetar o desempenho atlético como resultado de sua ação hormonal sistêmica. Nas atletas, o uso de anticoncepcionais parece ter pouco efeito sobre a composição corporal, porém novos estudos são necessários para avaliar os efeitos dos contraceptivos derivados apenas de progestina, pois podem ter um efeito negativo na população em geral. O tipo de progestina contido dentro do contraceptivo pode influenciar a resposta anabólica do músculo, embora esta relação seja complexa em virtude dos efeitos diretos ou indiretos de hormônios exógenos na síntese da proteína e na proliferação das células satélites. A resposta sistêmica hormonal alterada em usuárias de contraceptivos parece não influenciar a força muscular e, embora o consumo máximo de oxigênio às vezes seja reduzida, isso não afeta as medidas de desempenho. A maioria das pesquisas utilizou desenhos transversais e/ou agrupou diferentes tipos e marcas de anticoncepcionais hormonais e poucos estudos têm sido realizada sobre anticoncepcionais com progestina em atletas. Futuros estudos devem usar desenhos experimentais prospectivos, randomizados e controlados para avaliar os efeitos de todos os tipos de contraceptivos hormonais no desempenho atlético em mulheres.(AU)

Pain prevalence, characteristics and associated factors in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infected patients: a systematic review of the literature

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the pain in patients infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, clinically and epidemiologically. Methods: This systematic review was based on The PRISMA Statement. Four reviewers searched PUBMED, SciELO, LILACS and BIREME for data from observational studies and clinical trials (n ≥ 30) regarding pain prevalence, characteristics, and associated factors in patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1. No limits on publication date or language were established. Studies that did not have pain as an outcome measure or not involving human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infected patients were excluded. Results: A total of 3013 articles (including duplicates) were found of which seven met the predetermined criteria. The most common pain region was the lower back (53.0%). Non-neuropathic type (ranging from 52.6% to 86.8%) was more frequent in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis participants, and neuropathic pain was more common in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 carriers (53.1%). The pain was mostly reported as moderate or severe. One study showed that chronic pain was negatively associated with quality of life. Discussion: Pain is a common complaint in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infected patients, with lower back pain as the most frequent site. Pain can either be nociceptive, neuropathic, or both, is frequently severe, and negatively affects quality of life. Only studies of two countries were included in this review, limiting the external validity of the conclusions. The heterogeneity of variables prevented us from implementing a meta-analysis. Further research should better characterize the pain and explore its impact on quality of life, especially using longitudinal study design.

The c.63A>G polymorphism in the NKX2.5 gene is associated with thyroid hypoplasia in children with thyroid dysgenesis

Objective To search for genetic alteration in NKX2.5 gene in patients presenting both congenital heart disease (CHD) and TD. Subjects and methods Individual phenotypes were carefully analyzed in 86 children with thyroid dysgenesis (TD) using thyroid function tests, scintigraphy, ultrasound and echocardiography. DNA was extracted and NKX2.5 gene coding region was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Results CHD were found in 8.1% of patients with TD. The mutation screening revealed two known polymorphisms in patients with isolated TD or TD associated with CHD. None of them are predicted to result in codon change in conserved domain. The c.63A>G polymorphism was detected in 54/86 patients (49 with isolated TD and 5 with TD combined with CHD). There was a significant association of c.63A>G polymorphism with hypoplasia (p < 0.036). The c.541G>A polymorphism was observed in only one patient with isolated thyroid hypoplasia. Conclusion NKX2.5 mutations were not found. The c.63A>G polymorphism might be associated with thyroid hypoplasia.

Comparação de acuidade visual final: cirurgias de catarata com intercorrências versus sem intercorrências / Comparison of final visual acuity: cataract surgery with intraoperative complications versus non intraoperative complications

Objetivo Comparar a acuidade visual (AV) final dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de catarata com e sem complicações intraoperatórias e possíveis fatores que contribuíram para o resultado ao final do pós-operatório. Métodos Análise dos prontuários de 179 pacientes, retrospectivo, longitudinal, operados de fevereiro a julho de 2013 no Instituto Dr. Suel Abujamra, pela técnica de facoemulsificação (FACO), divididos em dois grupos: com e sem complicações intraoperatórias. Os dados obtidos foram analisados pelos métodos teste-t para duas amostras ou Análise de Variância (ANOVA). Os critérios de exclusão foram pacientes com cirurgia ocular prévia, retinopatia diabética proliferativa ou não proliferativa grave, outras retinopatias, escavação do disco óptico igual ou maior que 0,7x0,7 ou uso de mais de dois hipotensores oculares, olho único, catarata secundária à uveíte, traumática ou congênita. Resultados Dos 179 pacientes, 37 (20,7%) tiveram complicações intraoperatórias e 142 (79,3%) não tiveram complicações intraoperatórias. A média da idade dos pacientes foi de 70,33 anos. O olho direito foi o operado em 49,7% dos casos, e o olho esquerdo em 50,3%. O diabetes mellitus estava presente em 29,05% dos casos, sendo 29,73% de pacientes com complicação e 28,87% sem complicações. Do total, 77,65% atingiram uma AV final 20/40 ou melhor, sendo que nos pacientes com complicação a média para esta AV foi de 59,46% e no grupo sem complicações foi de 82,40%. A principal complicação foi ruptura de cápsula posterior. Conclusão Após toda a análise, verificamos que os fatores que implicaram com significância estatística em menor AV final foram as complicações intraoperatórias e a idade dos pacientes...

Objective Compare visual acuity (VA) of patients after cataract surgery with and without intraoperative complications regarding possible factors that contributed to the outcome on postoperative follow-up. Methods Longitudinal, retrospective study that evaluated 179 medical records of patients who underwent cataract surgery under the technique Phacoemulsification (PHACO) in the Suel Abujamra Institute from february to july 2013. Patients were divided into two groups concerning presence or absence of intraoperative complications. Data were analyzed using t-test methods for two samples or (ANOVA) Analysis of Variance. Exclusion criteria were: patients with previous ocular surgery, retinopathy related to diabetes, either proliferative or severe non proliferative, other retinopathies, optic disc cup equal to or greater than 0,7x0,7, use of more than two ocular hypotensive medications, only one eye, cataract due to uveitis, trauma or congenital. Results 37 (20.7%) patients had intraoperative complications and 142 (79.3%) had not. Average age of patients was 70.33 years. There were 49.7% surgeries of the right eye and 50.3% of the left eye. There were 29.05% diabetic patients, of which 29.73% had intraoperative complications and 28.87% had not. From the 179 patients, 77.65% reached a final VA of 20/40 or better, considering that patients with intraoperative complications reached a VA of about 59.46% and patients without intraoperative complications of about 82.40%. The main complication was posterior capsular tear. Conclusion After entire evaluation, we realized that factors that influenced lower final VA, with statistical significance, were intraoperative complications and patient age...

Effect of ß-alanine supplementation on 20 km cycling time trial performance

The effects of ß-alanine supplementation on high-intensity cycling performance and capacity have been evaluated, although the effects on longer duration cycling performance are unclear. Nineteen UK category 1 male cyclists completed four 20 km cycling time trials, two before and two after supplementation with either 6.4 g•d-1 ß-alanine (n = 10; BA) or a matched placebo (n = 9; P). Performance time for the 20 km time trial and 1 km split times were recorded. There was no significant effect of ß-alanine supplementation on 20 km time trial performance (BA-pre 1943 ± 129 s; BA-post 1950 ± 147 s; P-pre 1989 ± 106 s; P-post 1986 ± 115 s) or on the performance of each 1 km split. The effect of ß-alanine on 20 km time trial performance was deemed unclear as determined by magnitude based inferences. Supplementation with 6.4 g•d-1 of ß-alanine for 4 weeks did not affect 20 km cycling time trial performance in well trained male cyclists

Associação de osteomielite tibial e pneumonite por tuberculose miliar em paciente com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico / Association of tibial osteomyelitis and pneumonitis due to miliary tuberculosis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus

O lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) é uma doença autoimune multissistêmica na qual há grande prevalência e manifestações incomuns de doenças infecciosas oportunistas, principalmente pelas múltiplas anormalidades no sistema imunológico e pelo efeito imunossupressor das medicações utilizadas em seu tratamento. Pacientes com LES têm incidência aumentada de tuberculose, e o acometimento osteoarticular ocorre em 1%-3% desses casos. Manifesta-se com dor, diminuição da mobilidade e aumento do volume osteoarticular, e os achados radiográficos costumam ser inespecíficos. A ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) é exame útil para definir o grau de acometimento ósseo; entretanto, o diagnóstico etiológico é dado apenas pela cultura de líquido sinovial, pela cultura óssea ou pela histologia dessas regiões. Devido à inespecificidade dos achados, geralmente há atraso diagnóstico, em média de 11 meses. Relata-se o caso de uma paciente do gênero feminino com LES apresentando fatores predisponentes para a infecção/reativação da tuberculose. A RMN foi importante para definir o acometimento ósseo, e o diagnóstico etiológico foi dado pela biópsia óssea. A paciente também apresentava acometimento pulmonar devido à tuberculose, em sua forma miliar, demonstrado pela radiografia simples de tórax e pela tomografia computadorizada e confirmado pela cultura do bacilo de Koch no escarro. Houve demora de 1,5 mês para o início da terapêutica, tempo considerado curto em relação à literatura. Conclui-se dessa maneira que a tuberculose óssea, apesar de rara, deve sempre ser lembrada como diagnóstico diferencial nos pacientes lúpicos com osteomielite, principalmente naqueles com antecedente de tuberculose pulmonar.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease, which has great prevalence and uncommon manifestations of opportunistic infectious diseases, mainly due to the multiple abnormalities of the immune system and the immunosuppressive effect of the medications used in its treatment. Patients whit SLE have an increased incidence of tuberculosis, and osteoarticular involvement occurs in 1%-3% of the cases, manifesting as pain, reduction in mobility, and increased osteoarticular volume. The radiographic findings are often nonspecific. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an useful test to define the severity of bone involvement; however, the etiological diagnosis can only be established by use of synovial fluid or bone cultures or the histological study of the affected areas. Due to the lack of specificity of the findings, there is usually a mean diagnosis delay of 11 months. We report the case of a female patient with SLE and predisposing factors for tuberculosis infection/reactivation. The MRI was important to define bone involvement, and the etiological diagnosis was established by use of bone biopsy. The patient also had lung involvement due to miliary tuberculosis, shown on plain chest radiography and CT scan and confirmed on culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the sputum. There was a 1.5-month delay in beginning therapy, which is considered a short time when compared to the reports in the literature. In conclusion, bone tuberculosis, although rare, should always be remembered as a differential diagnosis of patients with SLE and osteomyelitis, mainly those with history of pulmonary tuberculosis.